The Electrically Assisted Pedal Cycles – EAPC – (Amendment) Regulations 2015 harmonised previous UK law (1983 Statutory Instrument No.1168), to bring it in line with EU law (regulation 168/2013). They replaced previous e-cycle law on 6 April 2015.

EAPCs – electric bikes or e-bikes in common parlance – must now meet the following criteria in order to have the same legal standing as regular non-assisted bicycles and to be allowed on roads, cycle paths and other places where bicycles are allowed under UK law.

• Electric assistance can only be provided to a maximum of 25kph (15.5mph).
• The motor used must be of no more than 250 Watts (maximum continuous rated power).
• The e-bike’s pedals must be in motion for motor assistance to be provided.
• The rider must be 14 years of age or over.

There are a number of different ‘e-bike-like’ machine types out there which, at first glance (or even after a detailed inspection), may be difficult to distinguish from legal e-bikes. This is an important distinction as the latter can be used without any red tape, in just the same way as regular non-assisted bicycle, while the former cannot.

These other categories are fully regulated motor vehicles under EU and UK law, so using them on public highways in the UK is a much more complex affair and inevitably involves attempting to obtain paperwork and possibly meet other requirements such as insurance and dealing with the DVLA. In short, they are likely to be legally classed as a moped or even motorbike.

Manufacturing standards are also more complex so the manufacturer generally has to through the procedure known as type approval, which involves passing safety standards before the vehicle can be put on the market.

A brief outline of the two main ‘e-bike-like’ categories you may come across:

1. E-bikes controlled by a throttle where there is no need for the pedals to be turning to engage the motor – so-called ‘twist-and-go’ machines. New models of these kind are now classified under EU law under the L1e-A ‘powered cycles’ category that allows power up to 1,000w, with power assistance cutting out at 25kph.
   Twist-and-gos are potentially very helpful for those with any kind of condition that severely limits pedalling action, but the procedure and exact requirements for registering them remain unclear.
   Note twist and go e-bikes bought before the introduction of the new laws and limited to a 250W motor rating remain effectively legal and so can be legally purchased and used as second hand models.
    
2. Machines that exceed the 25kmh assistance limit are generally known as speed-pedelecs or s-pedelecs. Again, there is an EU regulatory class for such vehicles with assistance limited to 45kph (L1e-B – two wheel mopeds).
   Some UK e-bike retailers say they now have a process in place for registering such machines for legal on-road use as mopeds. Mopeds in the legal sense that is; as pedalling is still required to enable motor assistance these are in reality superfast e-bikes of the pedelec variety.
   The user will also need insurance, legally certified helmet, and a qualifying driver’s licence (and potentially down the line an MOT it seems). The cycle would also be required to be registered for vehicle excise duty, although this would be reduced to £0 due to it being an electric vehicle.

You should also be aware that the Department of Transport says that electric bikes limited to 25kph but fitted with off-road switches or modes that, when triggered, enable a bike’s motor to continue assisting to speeds beyond 25kph, do not comply with UK e-bike law

Construction and Use

Aside from specific e-cycle law, there is also a body of UK law that defines the legal safety criteria for bicycles (including e-bikes) to be used on UK roads, known as Construction and Use regulations – in other words they deal with ‘roadworthiness’. As far as e-bikes go the main relevant criteria under these regulations are:

• The vehicle must be fitted with a plate where you can easily read it (in practice often more of a sticker discretely placed on the frame so that you may have to search a little to find it) showing the manufacturer’s name and motor power output.
• The power switch or control must default to off, requiring a constant intervention from the rider in order to maintain power assistance. No power without pedalling which must be a feature of any post-2015 legal e-bike satisfies this requirement in any case.

Note that these definitions do not include cycles with more than three wheels, so you cannot electrically assist a quadricycle without it becoming some kind of motor vehicle.

In practice most new e-bikes in the UK are built for the European market and so comply with European standard EN15194 which means they fulfil the law’s Construction and Use requirements. You should also look for the CE mark on a new e-bike which tells you that the bike has passed the relevant directive’s standards. 

An example of a conformity plate on an e-bike